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Certification body business plan close. Lost your password? This area of research has also uncovered a surprising complex array of social, relational, psychological, and environmental variables that make it challenging to study the specific mechanisms of how social network members impact our health in good and bad ways Goldsmith and Albrecht, Research indicates that negative aspects of social networks and relationships can lead to negative health outcomes.
For example, relational conflict, role obligations, and unwanted or insensitive advice from a friend can increase stress levels and lead to negative health outcomes Goldsmith and Albrecht, Other problems related to social networks and social support can occur due to a variety of differing perceptions, cultural influences, and other environmental factors.
Social network members may avoid communicating with a person or fail to provide satisfying support when it is needed most. Research has found that this often happens when an individual is seeking support for a stigmatized health condition Wolitski et al.
For example, cancer and HIV sometimes frighten people into silence or avoidance. Moreover, inadequate support from friends may occur if they feel that you have brought on your own health problems through unhealthy lifestyle decision, such as over-eating, smoking, or drinking alcohol Goldsmith, Our social support networks are dynamic and often change dramatically throughout the life span, or due to positive and negative stressful life events, such as the birth of a child or being diagnosed with a life-threatening illness Burleson et al.
At the same time, stressors in life are also dynamic in nature. In this sense, interpersonal relationships are both beneficial to our health and can also serve as sources of stress. Research findings suggest that a shift toward using online networks for social support more frequently paralleling the growth of the Internet and social media use has occurred in recent years.
Many of these communities consist of peers who are experiencing common health concerns, while other online health-related support communities include opportunities to interact physicians or other health-care providers e. Moreover, online support groups provide convenient connection with others in similar circumstances, ability to communicate anonymously, reciprocity of social support, and a judgment-free space for people to share information about their health status Hwang et al.
However, researchers have also identified potential negative aspects of online support communities, including flaming and delayed feedback, short-term participation, negative social comparisons, and credibility issues surrounding the sharing of health information Wright, b ; Wright and Bell, Furthermore, research on online support communities for people who are living with health problems has found that online community members are capable of drawing upon the collective experience of participants who share a health issue in ways that are not possible in the face-to-face world since the Internet allows people to access and interact with others in the community across geographical boundaries Wright, Online sources of social support appear to replace or extend traditional offline support networks in terms of providing greater access to the increased social capital available in a larger, easier to maintain network of individuals who are often geographically separated Walther and Boyd, ; Ellison et al.
The Internet can help individuals facing health concerns during times of stress and transition to access new networks of support, such as connections with others facing the same or similar transitions and stressors such as if a person moves to a small town where the likelihood of meeting others living with a similar health condition is low.
In addition to convenience, online sources of social support can also help people with health problems overcome accessibility barriers and high service fees associated with other more traditional sources of information and support, such as therapy Barrera, The asynchronous and mediated nature of online communication helps alleviate time and space barriers that exist for support settings that require the simultaneous presence of conversational partners Turner et al.
These online support sources or communities can often offer people who are coping with health problems higher quality health information and support for health behavior change than is available among traditional, face-to-face sources of support. In recent years, smartphones have become the primary way people gain access to the Internet and social media.
New mobile applications have taken advantage of the media convergence potential of smartphone e. At the same time, we have witnessed the emergence of wearable electronic devices that track physical activity e. Both innovations have led to the burgeoning field of MHealth Luxton et al. While much of this research has examined the impact of smartphones on provider-patient communication, a number of researchers have examined the social support potential of smartphones Boulos et al.
Although diet and exercise applications and devices are currently the most widely used health-related features of smartphones Boulos et al. These types of MHealth applications can allow researchers to access available data from smartphones, including activity levels and diet information, which can be used as important health outcome measures.
This allows research to examine the structure of online support networks through methods such as online social network analysis. Interest in the links between social networks and health outcomes is certainly not limited to social support researchers, new media scholars, and interpersonal health communication scholars.
Health campaign researchers have become increasingly aware of the need to integrate social networks and interpersonal relationships into population-based health-care interventions Valente and Saba, ; Beaudoin et al. These social relationships are often important in terms of helping target audience members change and maintain healthy behaviors, such as diet and exercise and getting screened for colon cancer.
These types of interventions also provide opportunities for researchers to better understand how texting and other older technologies can be used for social support and improvement of health outcomes among people in developing countries. In short, the relationship between support from our social network members and our health is complex.
As a scholar who has been studying social support, communication processes, and health outcomes for nearly 20 years, I have had the pleasure of following many streams of exciting research in the multidisciplinary study of social support and health outcomes. The evolution of new communication technologies during this time period has dramatically influenced the ways in which we communicate with our friends, families, and other social network members e. Beginning in the mids, online support groups and communities began to develop on the Internet focusing on providing support for people who are coping with a wide variety of health conditions as well as communities for caregivers for loved ones experiencing health issues.
A number of researchers began to take notice of these groups, and this was the beginning of many descriptive research studies Braithwaite et al. From the late s through the s, I served as an editorial member and frequent review for the journals Health Communication and the Journal of Health Communication , and as the editor for the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. These service roles allowed me to watch the development of interesting research findings and theory development in the areas of social support, communication, and health, as well as computer-mediated communication.
As time went on, scholars began to merge theory from both areas in an attempt to make stronger causal claims about the influence of social support network members on specific health outcomes Han et al. My hope is that more scholars from a variety of perspectives and contexts will consider examining the influence of social network support both face-to-face and online on health outcomes.
For example, researchers who are interested in health communication issues from intrapersonal, interpersonal, small group, organizational, mass communication, and health campaigns research backgrounds can all benefit from including social support networks variables into their research studies.
The findings from the literature in this area support for the idea that both face-to-face and online support networks appear to benefit people who are struggling with health problems and in terms of maintaining long-term health behavioral changes. Some individuals prefer support from close, face-to-face relational partners, while others are drawn to online support due to the advantages it may offer. For example, as we have seen, people who are coping with stigmatized health issues or individuals who lack traditional support resources in the face-to-face world may find online support networks in the form of an online support community to be more beneficial than face-to-face support networks.
Theories and methods in future research need to take into account a more comprehensive perspective of the influence of both types of social support on health outcomes, including the main effects and interaction effects of online and offline sources of social support, additional predictors of engaging in online support, mediated variables i. Research is also needed to examine interaction s between face-to-face and online social support networks as well as how new communication technologies are facilitating the intersection of virtual and face-to-face interactions through media convergence e.
For example, although research has examined the influence of mobile games on physical activity levels Dunton et al. More research is needed to better understand a wider variety of health issues and the influence of multimodal communication e.
Future studies are needed that draw upon big data regarding online social support networks and health. The majority of research studies to date have relied on relatively small non-probability samples and self-report measures van Ingen and Wright, Meta-analytic reviews have contributed greatly to our understanding of newer areas, such as online support group network, influences on health.
For example, Rains and Young conducted a meta-analysis of 28 published online support group studies dealing with people coping with health concerns and found that greater participation in their online support groups was related to increased perceived support, reduced depression, increased quality of life, and increased self-efficacy in terms of managing health problems.
Meta-analytic can also help researchers identify key mechanisms that help to explain or moderate the influence of online support networks on health outcomes. For example, such studies [e. Future work in this area would benefit from examining differences between how online support is conveyed in different online modalities and how this, in turn, influences health outcomes.
In Memoriam: Jane M. Simmons With the untimely passing of Jane Marie Simmons on August 25, , the optical networking community lost a giant. See the full list of winners.
Browse All Events. Publications Get access to timely, in-depth, highly-technical publications on a variety of communications topics shaping the industry as we know it. Browse All Publications. Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems 1. Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications 1. Mobile Radiotelephony in the U. Mobile Radio Systems Around the World 1. Examples of Wireless Communication Systems 1. Paging Systems 1. Cordless Telephone Systems 1.
Cellular Telephone Systems 1. How a Cellular Telephone Call is Made 1. Comparison of Common Wireless Communication Systems 1. Trends in Cellular Radio and Personal Communications 1. Problems 2. Modern Wireless Communication Systems 2.
Second Generation 2G Cellular Networks 2. Evolution to 2. Evolution for 2. HSCSD for 2. GPRS for 2. EDGE for 2. ISB for 2. Third Generation 3G Wireless Networks 2. Summary 2. Problems 3.
Introduction 3. Frequency Reuse 3. Channel Assignment Strategies 3. Handoff Strategies 3. Prioritizing Handoffs 3. Practical Handoff Considerations 3. Interference and System Capacity 3. Co-channel Interference and System Capacity 3. Channel Planning for Wireless Systems 3. Adjacent Channel Interference 3. Power Control for Reducing Interference 3. Trunking and Grade of Service 3. Improving Coverage and Capacity in Cellular Systems 3.
Cell Splitting 3. Sectoring 3. Repeaters for Range Extension 3. A Microcell Zone Concept 3. Summary 3. Problems 4. Introduction to Radio Wave Propagation 4. Free Space Propagation Model 4. Relating Power to Electric Field 4. The Three Basic Propagation Mechanisms 4.
Reflection 4. Reflection from Dielectrics 4. Brewster Angle 4. Reflection from Perfect Conductors 4. Ground Reflection Two-Ray Model 4. Diffraction 4. Fresnel Zone Geometry 4. Knife-edge Diffraction Model 4. Multiple Knife-edge Diffraction 4. Scattering 4. Radar Cross Section Model 4. Log-distance Path Loss Model 4. Log-normal Shadowing 4. Determination of Percentage of Coverage Area 4.
Outdoor Propagation Models 4. Longley—Rice Model 4. Okumura Model 4. Hata Model 4. Walfisch and Bertoni Model 4. Indoor Propagation Models 4. Partition Losses same floor 4. Partition Losses between Floors 4. Ericsson Multiple Breakpoint Model 4. Attenuation Factor Model 4. Signal Penetration into Buildings 4. Ray Tracing and Site Specific Modeling 4.